Flexure testing apparatus



Nov. 7, 1950 G. STANIUS 2,523,918

FLEXURE TESTING APPARATUS Filed May 24. 1947 5 Sheets-Sheet 1 lnvenTor y Godfrey Smnius M ,ow M

G. STANIUS FLEXURE TESTING APPARATUS Nov. 7, 1950 '5 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed May 24. 1947 Godfrey Sm'nius 0W 4- M Attorneys Nov. 7, 1950 G. STANIUS FLEXURE TESTING APPARATUS 5 Sheets-Sheet 4 Filed May 24. 1947 B Godfrey Smnius y M, 0wn M Attor'neys Nov. 7, 1950 G. STANIUS FLEXURE TESTING APPARATUS 5 Sheets-Sheet 5 Filed May 24. 1947 d-Tesi Specimen Gauges in Inches.

FIG. 9

5% E B 25 T 2 2 I 2530 5000 80 I00 I 200 300400 0 e .m C e Sy-Esiimoied Yield Poini Siess in Lbs Per SqJnflOOO Gauges in inches FIG. IO

09 .fi OOOOO 0 Chart for Criiicoi Bending Radius (R Inventor Godfrey Sionius XwiLm Om-M 0.5 0y-Esiim0i0d Yield Poini Siroin X I000 Attorneys Patented Nov. 7, 1950 ,UNlT ED STATES PATENT OFFl v FLEXURE TESTING APPARATUS Godfrey Stanius, Chicago,: Ill.

Application May 24, 1947, Serial No. 750,312

The present invention relates to machinesfor measuring flexural moments, and more particularly to such machines that permit of. direct and straight-forward calculations, from the data obtained,.,of the yield point on the stress-strain characteristics of the material of the test specimens *may be obtained,-but the determinations, from. given I test specimens of 1 a particularmaterial, of :theyield pointon the stress-strain diagram, in flexure; andof the strain-hardening portion ofthe; stress-strain diagram inflexure :are largelyconjectural. This situation follows :from the primarycircumstance that reproducible results cannot be obtained from 511011 a conventional;'flexureztestingsmaehine of theq type noted i'utilizing identical test specimens fromthe same .sheet of stock of the material undergoing test,

employing the same set-up of the -machine-in repeated tests utilizing the testspecimens mentioned.

Perhaps the principal faultintheconventional 'machine of the type noted that brings about the undesirable resultsmentioned resides in :the utilization therein of a square jaw having a sharp edge over'which the test specimens are deformed or bent, as it is not believed that two identical .test specimens are deformedin precisely the vsame manner or exactly to the same configuration incident to two successive operations of the same machine employing the same square jaw.

-Moreover, another fundamental difficulty is encountered'in the calculations utilizing'the'data obtained from such a machine, as it isimpossible to subject to rigorous analysis the stressstrain'factors involved when a test-specimen is being deformed or bent through such a sharp angle as 90 over the sharp edge of the square jaw; whereby the formulas'derivedand employed in the calculations mentioned are largely {empirical.

Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide a machine for measuring flexural moments exerted upon test specimens, which machine operates upon principles capable of straightforward rigorous analysis with respect to the stress-strain factors involved while the test 4 Claims. (Cl. 73-100) specimens are undergoing deformation so that simple formulas may be derived permitting straightforward anddirect calculations of' the yield point on the stress-strain diagram in flex- :ure and of the strain hardening portion of the stress-strain diagram in flexure of the material undergoing test.

A further object of the invention ispto provide an improved flexure testing machine that permits of the determination of the precise values of the yield point on the stress-strain diagram in fiexure .and of the strain hardening portion of the stress-strain diagram in fiexureof amat rialu e o ns es A still further object. of theinvention is to provide a'flexure testing machine of simpleconstruction and arrangement that is capable of measuring the stress-strain characteristics in flexure of a wide varietyof materials of different gaugesj in a simple and ready manner.

Further features of. the invention pertainto theparticular arrangement of the elements of the machine and the sequenceof the steps of the method; whereby the above outlined and additional features thereof are attained.

The invention, both as to its organization, and method of operation, together with further 'ob- ,jects and advantages thereof, will bestbeunderstoodby reference to the following, specification taken in connection with the accompanying drawings," in whichFigure 1.is a perspective view of a flexure testing machine, incorporating a first type of bending arbor, and illustrating, certainpartsthereof in their normalpositionsand embodying the features of the present invention,

and which is utilized in carrying out the method ofthe presentinvention; ,Fig. 2,is a sectional view of the machine, taken along the line 2-2 in, Fig. 1.in the direction of thearrows indicated; Fig.3 is va sectional view of. the machine,

taken along the line ,3 -3,/in Fig. 2 in thedirection of thearrows indicated; Fig. 4 is a front elevational view of the machine, incorporating the first type of bending arbor, and illustrating the parts, mentionedthereof in their fullyoperated, positions;,Fig. 5.is.a fr ont elevational view of. the machine, incorporating. a second type .of

bending arbor, and illustrating certain .parts thereof in theirnormal positions; Fig..- 6, is a front elevational ,view of the machine, incorporating the second'typej of bending arbor, .and illustrating the parts mentioned thereof intheir fully operated positions; Fig.1 .is a fragmentary sectional view .of the. front portion of. .the machine, incorporating. the second. type ofbending ,arbor,,taken along; the line .1-1 in Fig. 5 in the direction of the arrows indicated; Fig. 8 is a stress-strain diagram that has been plotted from certain calculations produced from data obtained incident to operation of ,the machine utilizing initially a bending arbor of the first type, illusof Fig. 1 and Fig. is a, critical bending radius;

chart, illustrating the relationship between different gauges of test specimen, stiinatedyield point strains, and critical bending r'adii=,of-.:the first type of bending arbor of Fig l thatshould l be employed in the machine.

Referring now more particularly to Figs. 1. to 4, inclusive, of the drawings, the flexure testing machine 29 there illustrated comprises a housing in vthe'form of a hollow shellz |,lpreferably cast from aluminum, iron .or' other suitable material, and provided with a' substantial horizontal bottom wall 22, a substantially semi-cylindrical top wall I 23, substantially vertical connecting side walls 24 and 25, and substantially vertical front and rear ,walls 26 and 27. The front and rear walls 26 and ,2! have large, annular, substantially centrally disposed openings 26a and 21a. respectively formed therein; which openings 26a and 21a "are covered .by front andflrear. cover plates 28 1and'2 9respectively removabl secured to the exter'i'or surfaces of the adjacent ,front and rear .walls 26 and 21 in any suitable manner. -Within gthe hollo'w shell 2| and preferably formed integrally therewith, is a supporting web structure3il terminating in a substantially centrally disposed fann'ular boss .3lihaving a central annular openmg 3la formed therein, into which rtherelis pressed a tubular support'32. 1 The tubular support 32 is rigidly fixed within'the' central open- 'ing 31a formed in the boss 3|, and projects trans- :versely through the central portion of the shell 21'. The rear end of the tubular support 32terrminates adjacentto but in spaced-apart relation T With, the rear wall 27 of the shell 2|; while the front jend of the tubular support 32 [projects through the .opening 26a formed. in the ;-fr'onjt Iyv'all .26,of the shellgZl land through a centrally disposed opening 28a formed in the front cover plate 28.1 ,A centrally disposed shaft or, arbor '33 "is arranged within the tubular support 32 and .supported by front and rear, anti friction bean 'ihgs'34' andl35 of, the, ball bearing typefl More :particularly, the rearend of the. shaft :33 terminates in a cylindrical hub,36 that frictionally jen'gagesthe inner race of theanti-friction hear-- ing 35; while the outer race of the anti-friction 'bearing 35 frictionally engages a counterbore' 32a formed in the rear end of the tubularsupport-32. Similarly, the front end of the shafti33' termifnates in a hub 3Tthat frictionally engages a subistantially. cylindrical collar 38 terminating in a radially anddownwardlyextending arm 39. The

frear end of the collar 38 is provided with a cyliri- .jdrical bearing surface that frictionally'fengag'es the innerfra'ce of. the anti-friction bearing 34;; fwhilel the jouter race of .the anti-friction'ibearing 34 f rictionally engagesa counterbore 3 2bfformed fin the frontend of the tubular support32, l Q

j; 'Theextreme lowerend of thearm 39 carries a forwardly projecting.pin 40 that is adapted. removably to support a plurality of substantially cylindricaland adjustable weights 4| having cenchine 20 in a manner more fully explained hereinafter.

The extreme front end of the hub 31 formed on the shaft 33 projects through the collar 38 and hasa threaded opening 3 1aj fo1' med therein which is adapted reniovably' to receive' thethreaded shank of a bolt 42. Between the head of the bolt 42 and the collar 38 are removably secured in placea substantially cylindrical clamping element' 43'and a bending arbor 44 of a first type. :Moreparticularly, the clamping element 43 has a centrally disposed opening 43a formed therein,

' through which" the shank of the bolt 42 passes;

which opening 43a terminates in a counterbore 43b receiving the extreme front end of the hub 31. Likewise, the bending arbor 44 has a centrally disposed gopening 44a formed therein," through which the shank of the bolt .42 passes; Accord ingly, the bolt 42 securely and rigidly clamps the collar 38 on the hub 31'of the shaft 33, ands}?- wcures theiclamp'ing element 43 between. the collar 38 and the bending arbor 44. Finally, the head of the bolt 42 securely'clamps the bending, arbor 44 against'the clamping element 43. The bending arber 44 comprises a substantiall ,cylindri c al outer surface of a predetermined radius and fof appreciable width in order to accommodate the bending thereabout of a test specimen 45 of a corresponding width.f A transverse and radially .extending slot 46 is formed in the outer cylindrical surface of the bending arbor 44 that receives a clamping, fixture 41 carrying a threaded screw 48. More particularly, the clamping fixture 4 1 substantiallyinverted L-shape in vertical cross section providing aclampirig; ja'w49 and a stem or body portion 50FThe stem 50 of the clamping fixture 41 is arranged inthe' slot 46 formed in the bending arbor 44 and'is secured in place by the screw 48, the shank of the'screw48 extending through a radially extendingopening formed in the stem 50 of the' clafinping fixture, and the end of the shank of the screw 48 being threaded into an opening, not'shown, formedin'the bottomof the slot '46and extendinginto the body -of the bending arbor 44. The inner end of the'tes't-s'pecimen 45 is arranged between theclamping jaw 49 of the clamping fixture 4! and the adjacent cyliridrical outer surfacev of the bending arbor "44Jand securely clamped in place therebetween by tightening the screw 48. Since the slot 46 is formed .in the cylindrical surface of the bending arbor shaft33 when the clamping fixture 41 is secured .in place. ,of'the first type and a corresponding set of clamp- A setof individual bending arbors. 44

ing elements 43 are provided, the individual bend- .ing arbors44 of the first type having difierent predetermined radii, and the individual clamping elements 43 being utilized in securing the corresponding bending arbors 44 of the firsttypein place on thefront end of the'shaft 33;':which individual-bending ar-bors' 44s of the firsttype are utilized in conjunction with the machine 20 in a manner more fully explained hereinafter. A

The extreme rear end of the hub 36 formed on the shaft 33 fri'otion ally engages a substantially Ecylin'drical collar 5 terminating in a radially and upwardly extending ,arm; 52. 1: To the extreme upper end of thearm 52. thereis secured a counterweight 53 by a rivet 54; which counterweight 53 maintains the shaft 33 and the parts secured thereto; in ,normal, balance. :Thefinal extremity of .the hub 36 Provided-h ,the rear end-- of {the shaft 33- -termina-tes lina threaded-shank55 which receives a nut-156 in order;. securely to clamp the zcollar-5l in place on the hub 36,-a washer '51 be.- ing disposed betweenithe nut 55 and the adjacent surfaceof the collar 5|. Also an index pointer 58 isprovided the; inner endof which being rigidly securedto the .collar'38; and the outer end of the index pointer 58c0operates with an arcuateindicia plate 59 secured to the outer face of the front cover plate 28. The 'bottom and. rear wallse22 and,2l,of the shellZl terminate ina centrally disposed and downwardly extending boss. 50; while the bottomwall 22 and thelconnecting side walls 24 and 25 respectively terminate i i-downwardly extending bossesfil and 62. Thus, the boss -.-60 is disposedadjacentto the center and to the rear of the shell 2|; and the hoses GI' and 62 aredisposed-adjacent to the front and respectively on the'left-hand and on the right-hand sides of the shell 2!. The bosses 60, 6|. and t2v respectively carry independentlyadjustable feet.63,.64.and,65; whereby the shell 2| is supported upon a tripod. More particularly, each foot.63, etc., is provided with a threaded shank that is received in an associated threaded opening formed in the corresponding boss'lifl, etc. whereby .the shell 2l may be initially leveled inorderto causethe extreme outer end of theindexv pointer 58 carried by the The extreme front end of the tubular support 132 terminatesin a cylindrical flange 14 that projects outwardly beyond the centrally disposed bearing surface 10. formed thereon and into a counterbore'l5 formed in the front end of the tubular element 13. Thefront end of the sleeve bearing'll terminates in an outwardly projecting flange Ha extending between the adjacent shoulder formed in the .bottom of the counterbore 15 provided in the tubular element l3 and the adjacent.shoulderformedonthe flange 14 provided on the tubular supportf 32; thereby to prevent .lateral movement of the tubular .element 13.toward the.front of the machine and out of the shellZI. Similarly, the rear end of the sleeve bearing 12 terminates in an outwardly projecting flange 12a extending between the rear end of the tubular element 13 .an'dthe adjacent surface of the annular boss3l; .thereby to prevent lateral movement of the tubular element 13 toward the rear wall 21 of. the she1l.2l. Accordingly, the tubular element." .is mounted on the outer bearing surface 10 of thetubular support 32 by the sleeve bearings H and 12 for free rotary movement, but is restrained-by .the sleeve bearings H and 12 against lateral-movef ents within the shell 2|.

The front end of thetubular element 13 also projects through the opening 28a formed in the front cover plate 28 and terminates in an outwardly directed annular flange-.16, that, in turn,

terminates into a normally upwardly extending bending arm 11. The bending arm Ti carries a guide rail 18 that slidcably supports a bracket 19 provided with a clamping screw. 80; whereby the bracket 79 may b clampedby the clamping 6. screw Bllrigidly. to. the bending arm 17 in any-dc sired adjusted position. along. the. :guider-rail 18. The. bracket 19 carries .an index marker BI- that cooperateswith anindicia. scale 82 provided on the adjacentsurfaceof the bending arm 11. Finally, the inner end of the bracket l9 isbifurcated .to provide two spaced-apart arms that rigidly support a pin 83 uponwhich a roller -84 is mounted for rotation. The dimensions of the bracket 119 are coordinated with respect to the index markeriat carried thereby, and the indicia scale 82 carried onthe adjacent surfaceof the bendingarm- ",so that the distance between the lower surface of the roller 84 and the center of the shaft 33, and consequently the center of the bending. arbor 44, may be read directly in inches fromthe indicia scale 82 against the position of the index marker 8|.

In view of the foregoing, it will be understood that when the tubular element (3 is rotated in theclockwise direction, as viewed in Figs'l and 4,:upon the tubular support 32, the bending arm- 71 is rotated therewith carrying the bracket 19 supporting the roller 84, whereby the roller84is rotated with respect to thecylindricalouter surfaceof the bending arbor'44. At this time, in the event the inner end of the test specimen'45 'is' clamped between the clamping jaw 49of'the clamping fixture 47 and. theassociated cylindrical surface of the bending arbor-44,- the roller- 84 engages the immediatelyadjacent section of the test specimen :45 exerting a fiexural or bending moment thereon; whereby the test specimen 45 exerts a torque'through the bendingarbor 44 upon the shaft 33 causing it to rotate in the clockwise direction on the anti friction bearings 34 and'35 with" respect to the tubular support 32. As' the shaft 33' is rotated in the clockwise'direc tion with respect to the tubular support 3 2, the individual weights 4i are moved outwardly from the Vertical center line of the machine 28 toward the left; and the index pointer58 carried by the collar 38 moves in the clockwise'direction over the associated indicia plate 59. As the" ini dividual-weights'M are moved outwardly toward the left, they exert a countertorque in the counterclockwise direction upon the shaft 33, and consequently upon the bending arbor 44, which is transmitted through the test specimen 45 to the roller 84 carried by the bracket 19 supported by the bending arm ll. Specifically, the individual weights 4|, as they move outwardly toward the left, exert a weighingaction upon the test specimen thatis a measure, of the flexural or bending moment exerted upon the test specimen 45, and is indicated by the index pointer 58 with reference tothe indicia plate 59. Of course, as the fiexural ,or bendingmoment'exerted ,upon the test'specimen 45 is gradually increased, with continued rotation of the bending arm 1'! in' the clockwise direction, the bending in the test specimen 45 increases, since stress is proportional to strain before the yield. point is reached; whereby theportion of the test'specimen 45 adjacent to the clamping fixture 4'l.is deformed or bent" to the conformity. of the cylindrical outer. surface of the bending arbor 44 throughout a considerable arc thereof by the time the index pointer '58 has reacheda maximum and approximately midscale, reading about 70, with respect to the associated indicia plate 59.

The machine 25 further comprises a worm gear 9| terminating in acylindrical. hub 92 that is rigidlysecured to a reduced shank 93- formed on the extreme rear nd of the tubular element 13; the

worm gear 9| cooperates with an associated worm 94 carried by ashaft 95 suported in bearings 96, 91 and 98.- The bearings 96 and 9'! .are carried by the web structure 30; while the bearing 98 is carried by the side .Wall 24 of the shell 2|. The

extreme left-hand end of the shaft 95 projects.

through the side wall 24 and terminates in a handcrank 99. The rear wall 21 of the shell2l carries two spaced-apart bearings IM and I02.

rotatably supporting a shaft, I03 that is rigidly secured to the base of an electric motor I04 by two lugs I05 and I06 depending therefrom. The electric motor I04 is of. conventional construction and is provided with an electric circuit, not,

shown, that includes a snap switch I05 carried by ,the front wall 26 of the shell 2|. Also, the electric motor I04 comprises a rotatable shaft I06 to which there is rigidly secureda friction wheel 10! that cooperates with a friction wheel I08 rigidly secured to the shaft 95. rear wall 21 carries a bearing III that is arranged in alignment with a bearing- I I2 also carriedby the side wall 24; which bearings III and II 2-rotatably support a shaft H3. The extreme left-hand end of the shaft H3 projects through the side wall 24 and has a forward extending lever H4 rigidly secured thereto; which lever I I4 may be pivoted'from an upper normal position determined by an outwardly projecting stop H5 carried by the side wall 24 to an operated lower position determined by an outwardly projecting stop H6 carried by the side wall 24. A collar II! is rigidly'secured to the shaft I I3 and terminates in a lever H8 engaging the base of the electric motor I04.

As best shown in Figs. 2 and 3, the electric motor I04 is disposed substantially centrally within the shell 2| between the front and rear walls 26 and 21 thereof; whereby the weight of the electric motor I04 causes it to rotate in the counterclockwise direction, as viewed in Fig. 2, upon the lugs I05 and I06 secured to the shaft I03 toward the bottom wall 22 of the shell 2|. Specifically, the weight of the electric motor I04 causes rotation of the shaft I03 in the counterclockwise direction, as viewed in Fig. 2, with respect to the supporting bearings I M and I02; whereby the friction wheel I01 carried by the shaft I 96 of the electric motor I04 is moved downwardly away Also, the.

from the friction wheel I08 carried by the shaft 95. The base of the electric motor 104 engages the lever H8 rotating the shaft H3 in the clockwise direction, as viewed in Fig. 2, in the supporting bearings II I and H2; whereby the lever I I4 is rotated with the shaft I I3 in the clockwise direction into engagement with the upper stop H5.

In view of the foregoing description, it will-be understood that the shaft 95 may be rotated in its supporting bearings 96, 91 and 98 utilizing the externally located, handcrank 99; whereby the worm 94 rigidly secured to the shaft 95 effects corresponding rotation of the engaged worm wheel 9!; thereby to effect corresponding rotation of the tubular element I3 and the connected bending arm 11. Also the shaft 95 may be rotated by the electric motor I04 as it will be understood that when the snap switch I05 is operated to its closed position, the circuit of the electric motor I04 is closed causing the shaft I06 thereof to rotate; whereby the friction wheel I91 rigidly secured to theshaft !06 rotates therewith. At this time when the lever H4 is'moved from its upper normal position, as determined by the upp r stop Hi, to its operated lower position, as determined by the lower stop H6, the shaft 8 H3 is rotated in the counterclockwise direction, as viewed in Fig. 2; whereby the-lever I I8 rotating: in the-counterclockwise direction urges the base of the electric motor I04 upwardly; whereby the electric motor I04 is moved upwardly rotat ing the supporting shaft I03 in the clockwise direction, as viewed in Fig. 2. As the shaft I03-is rotated in the clockwise direction, the electric motor I04 is moved upwardly; whereby the fric' tion wheel I01 carried by'the shaft I06 thereof engages the friction wheel I08 carried by the' shaft 95; whereby the bending arm I1 is rotated in the clockwise direction as viewed in Fig. l in order to exert a flexural or bending moment upon the test specimen 45 in the manner previously explained.

Subsequently, when the lever H4 is released, it is moved from its lower operated position, as

determined by the lower stop H6, to its upper normal position, 'as determined by the upper stop H5, by virtue of the weight of the electric motor I04 in the manner previously explained; whereby the electric motor I04 is moved downwardly causing the friction wheel I0'I carried by the shaft I06 thereof to disengage the friction wheel I08 carried by the shaft 95. Subsequently, the shaft 95 may be rotated by the externally disposed handcrank 99 in order to. cause the bending arm 11 to be returned to its normal position indicated, by the index pointer 58 cooperating with the indiciav plate 59.. At'this time the test specimen 45 maybe removed by un-. loosening the screw 48 carried by the clamping fixture 41. p

, Referring now more particularly to Figs. 5 to 7, inclusive, of the drawings, the machine 20 comprises a second type of bending arbor structrue that comprises a substantial cylindrical clamping element I30.that is provided with a substantially centrally disposed counterbore I30a. formed therein, adapted to receive" the extreme front end. of the hub 31 formedon the shaft 33; which clamping element I30 has diametrically disposed openings I30b formed therein,

through which two screws I3I extend, the

threaded shanks of the screws I3I being received in corresponding aligned openings 38a formed in the collar 38. Accordingly, the clamping ele-'- ment I30 ma be rigidly secured to the front end quadrant of the clamping element I30 as clearly shown in Fig. 5. Specifically the base I32 comprises surfaces I32a and I32b disposed at an angle of approximately degrees with respect to each other and intersecting at the center of the clamping element I30. Further the clamping element I30 carries a forwardly projecting lug I 33 positioned above the base I32 and arranged in the upper left-hand quadrant thereof; which lug I33 has a threaded opening formed therein, into which there is positioned a clamp Also, a bending arbor I35 is provided that comprises an elongated body poring screw I34.

tion I36 terminating in a semi-cylindrical outer surface arbor I35 comprises surfaces IBM and I362) disposed at an angle of approximately 90 degrees with respect. to eachother. The center of the outer surface 31 of the bending arbor I35 coin' I31 having a predetermined radius. Specifically the body,portiorl ,l36 of the bending cides-with the *upper'righhhand corner? of the base I32; whereby'the cylindrical outer surface I31" of theb'ending arbor I35 is disposed along the center line of thehub 31,.and consequently alongj'the center'line'ofthe shaft 33; Specifically the surfaces'ltfia and I361) on' the'body portion I36 :of the bendingiarbor I35 respectively engage "the surfaces vI32ct1anol' [321) on the base I32." Furthergaiclamping'plate. I381is disposed above .the body portion'liifitof the bending arbor I35'1.and in engagement with the extreme lower end of the clamping screwv I34; Theinner end of 'aitest specimen" I45may be'securelyclamped in..place by the .lower surface of the'clamping plate I38 andl'theuppersurface of'thei body portion. of the bending arbor I35." A'set of individuallbending'arbors I35of'the's'econd type is provided, the individualjgbendingarborsjIflE of theisecond type having' cylindrical outer surfaces ofdifferent'radii; and which individual. bending arbors I35 of th'e'secondtype are utilized in conjunction with the machine 28*in a manner more fully, explained hereinafter.

Finally, a counterweight Ia is. provided on the clampin v plate I30" and. projects outwardly therefrom along a. line disposed substantially diametrically opposite from the base I32, the bendingarbor I of thesecondtypethe clampingqplate I38, the lug; I33 and the. screw. I34 in order to insure that the clamping plate I30 and i the. elements .mentioned '1 carried thereby, normally. balance aboutthe: vertical center line of the machine 20. j V

In yiew of .thdforegoing description, it willbe understood thatxwhflen"thebending arm 11 is rotated inthe clockwise direction about the tubular support 32 :in themanner previously explained, the roller 84icarried by the fixture I9 secured thereto :eifectsbending of the test specimen I aboutpth'e cylindrical outer surfaceI3I of the..bending arbor I35'of the second type as a result of thefiexural or bending moment exerted upon the test specimen I45; whereby the individual weights II are moved outwardly toward the'left away from the vertical center line "of the shaft 33 causing the index pointer 58 to regis ter a maximum and approximately midscalereadi'ng, about 70, upon the associated indicia' plate 59 when the adjacent portion of the test specimen I' IS'hasbeen bent through a considerable arc'ol the cylindrical outer surface I37 of the bendingarbor I35'of the second type. V The details of operation of the machine 20 willb'e better understood from the following description of the method of the presentinvention and in' conjunction with which the charts of Figs. 9"and 10"are utilized; whereby data obtained ir'icidentto operationof the machine 20is em p'loyed to produce certain calculations that, in turn, permit the plotting of the stress-strair'i'di'a gramishown in Fig. 8. First,'specimens are cut from the sheet stock utilizing a'dieor the like; a-nd"pref'erably each specimen is rectangular'both in plan and cross. section. However, the method and the operation of th'e'mach'ine 20 are similar for specimens of round or any other uniform cross section. The specimens should be of uniform thickness or'gau'ge; and after they are cut, the edges thereof are machined parallel and all burrs :removed. sonably-fiat'and of a Width at leastsix times the thickness or gauge. Also, the specimens should have a" length" considerably longer than the, width thereof, as explained more fully-'below-.;

The specimens should be rea- Considering now the operation of the machine 20 .to.perform the first test,' data are obtained permitting the determination of. the unit stress to the yield point in fiexure, Sy, of the'test specimen., First the critical. bending radius of: the bending arbor IZII-Of'the fiistitypeshould bet established'utilizing. the chart of Figj10 of the drawings. "Referring to: the chart-of Fig. 10;,"it will be observed, that .the abscissa thereof is-plotted on alogarith-mic scale einltermsof e -esti mated yield pointstrain, X. 1000 while the ordinate thereof-isplottedon a logarithmic scalein terms of Rircriticalbending-radius in -inches; a. plurality of straight line curves being drawn on this chart and. corresponding to different gauges, d, o-f testspecimen in.inches.- More par) ticularly, the yieldppintstra-in of the test specimennis estimatedna-nd applied along the: abscissa of the-chart. of; Fig. 10, Aavertical line is then extended .to the straighttline curve corresponding to the gauge, (1, in, inches-of the test specimen; thena horizontal. 1line--is extended tozithe ordinate of the chart of- ;Fig. 10 to obtain a.-val-ue for the critical bending-radius,-R1, inches of the bending arbor-Mot the first type-that should be". employed .in' Tthe': machine: 20-:in' performing the first test. Thisrutilization of the chart of Fig. 10 insures that the firsttest'performedby the machine 20 doesz not strain the testspeci-. men beyond the yieldpoint'in flexure; andwin passingit is noted that it isrnecessary to estimate the accuracy of -the-yield pointstrain; of the test specimenconly withinv limits ot in order to obtain highly-accurate-results:v

Nextthe weight, Wevthatshould-beassembled of the individual-weights M and placed-upon the pin 40 carried? by thearm :3-9"intheimachine 20 in performing the first test-shouldbe-established utilizing the-*chart :of Fig. 9 of" the drawings'; Referring-tovthechart of--Fig; ,9, it will'be' observed that the abscissa: thereof .-is--plotted on avlogarithmic scale in termsiof' s estimatedyieldl point stress i-n=- lbs. .per sea: in./10O0;l'-While-the ordinate thereof is plottedronsarlogarithmic scale in terms of We-load in'lbs. per in? of zwidthfzof test specimen; ,a-=plurality ofristraight l'ineazcurves being- 'drawnion this chart" and: correspondingiito different gauges, d, of the test SDGCimEIII'iHIiHChIGS: More particularly, the yield point stress of the test specimen is estimated and applied along the abscissa of the chartiof Fig. 9. A .vertical, line is then extended to the straight line curve corresponding to thegauges; d; in'inches'of the test specimen; then a horizontal line is extended to the ordinate of the chart of Fig. 9--to obtain a value for the load, Wt, in lbs. of the individual Weights: 4i that are to be-placed upon the'pin 40 in the machine Zilinthe' first test. This utilization of the chart of-Fig. Q'insures that in performing the first test in the machineii! that the index pointer 58 carried by the collar 38 williproduce as a maximum an approximate midscaie reading, about '70, with respect to-the associated indicia plate 59; which operation of the machine20 produces most accurate results. I I V. Having thus established; the; criticalbending, radius, Rt; of the, bending arbor'M' of the 'first' type" that is 'tobeiemployed in performing the first testby the machine 20; a bending arbor of the first type having; thecritical bending radius, R c, mentioned; is selected from the set of bending arbors M of the first type'previouslyl mentioned and assembled. upon the front 'oi the collar 38; togetherwitl'r thecorresponding clamp:- g plate 431. Also'from" the setofdndiVidual' 1 1 Weights 4I, selections are made to produce the total weight, Wt, that has been determined as previously explained; which individual weights 4| are then assembled upon the pin 40 carried by thearm 39 of the machine 28.

At this point it is noted, that it is necessary to adjust the position of the roller 84 carried by the bracket I9 upon the bending arm I1 with reference to the cylindrical outer surface'of the bending arbor 44 of the first type that has been assembled u-pon the collar 38. More particularly, the position of the roller 84 with respect to the cylindrical outer surface of the bending arbor 44 of the first type should bear a direct relationship with respect to the value of the critical bending radius, Ric, of the bending arbor 44 of the first type in order to preventinitial binding through the test specimen 45 between the roller 84 and the bending arbor 44 of the first type as a result of the roller 84 being spaced too small a distance from the outer cylindrical surface of the bending arbor 44 of the first type; as well as to prevent undue lateral bending in the test specimen 45 as a result of the roller 84 being spaced too great a distance from the outer cylindrical surface of the bending arbor 44 of the first type. Also the minimum length of the test specimen should bear a predetermined relationship with respect to the I distance of the roller 84 from the cylindrical outer surface of the bending arbor 44 of the first type in order to insure that the test specimen 45 is sufficiently long so that it may be deformed or bent to conform to a considerable arc of the outer cylindrical surface of the bending arbor 44 of the first type when the machine 28 has been'operated in order to cause the index pointer 58 to produce as a maximum an approximate midsc'ale reading with reference to the associated indicia plate 59. V v The relationships between the critical bending radius, Ric, in inches of the bending arbor 44v of the first type, the distance between the center line of the bending arbor 44 of the first type, and

: consequently the center line of the shaft 33, to

the lower peripheral surface of the roller 84 in inches (hereinafter referred to as Z1), and the minimum l'engthof the test specimen in inches in order to obtain best results, are

indicated in the table below: 7

Y Minimum length Ru (1n Ins.) ll (1n Ins.) of test specimen (in Ins.)

M6 0. 082 1% 982 I). 122 1% $8 0. 164 1% 6 O. 243 1% A 0. 322 2 0. 484 2 M O. 645 2 "5 4 0. 956 2 1 l. 275 3 1% 1 900 3 2 2. 520 3 2% 3. 155 3 3 3. 781 4 4 5. 045 5 5 6 310 5 7 The distance Z1, in inches between the center line of the bending arbor 44 of the first type and the lower peripheral surface of the roller 84 may be read directly by utilizing themarker 8I carried by the clampingbracket I9 and the indicia scale 82 provided on the bending arm 11. When the marker 8| carried by the clamping bracket 19 is brought toa reading upon the indicia scale 82 provided on the bending arm. TI- corresponding to the distance, 11, in inches, the Scr w 89 is tightened, securely retaining the clamping bracket I9 in its adjusted position upon the bending arm 11. Also the inner end of the test specimen 45 is inserted between the jaw 49 carried by the clamping fixture 41 and the adjacent cylindrical outer surface of the bending, arbor44 of the first type; whereupon the screw 49 is set in order securely to clamp in place the inner end of the test specimen 45. At this time, the crank 99 is adjusted, in the event this isnecessary, in order to insure that the pin 48 is disposed along the vertical center line of the machine 20. Then the feet 63, 64 and 65 of the machine 28 are ['adjusted, in the event it is necessary, in order to insure that the index pointer 58 matches the fig.- ure 0, on the indicia plate 59 initially. Then the snap switch I is operated in order to close the circuit of the electric motor I84 and the lever H4 is operated in the manner pre viously explained; whereby the bending arm .11 is rotated in the clockwise direction as viewed in Fig, 4, causing the test specimen 45 to bedeformed or bent to conform to a considerable arc of the cylindrical outer surface of the bending arbor 44 of the first type. I In view of the proper selection of the weight, Wt, comprising the assembled individual weights 4| on'the pin 48, the index pointer 58 produces an approximate'midscale reading with reference to the associated indicia plate 59 as a maximum reading. .At this time the roller 84- begins bending the test specimen 45 freely, about the cylindrical outer surface of the bending arbor 44 of the first type without producing any increased reading of, the index pointer-58 with respect to the indicia plate 59. According y, the maximum reading mentioned is noted; and the test is stopped by releasing the lever I'I4. Also, the snap switch I05. is returned to its open position; and the handcrank 99 is operated to return the pin 48 again to the vertical center line of the machine 20. At this time the clamping screw 48 may be loosened and the test specimen 45 removed.

"Now considering the operation of the machine ZO'toperfOrm the second test, data are obtained permitting the determination of the fiexure modulus of strain hardening, Eh, of the test specimen. The fiexure modulus modulus of strain hardening, Eh, may be defined as the tangent of the average slope of the fiexure stress-strain diagram beyond the fiexure yield point, e and in a stress range not exceeding 30 times the unit strain in fiexure to the fiexure yield DOiITIL'Gy. This tangent is illustrated as ds/de in the stressstrain diagram of Fig. 8. In utilizing the machine 28 to perform the second test. a bending arbor I35 of the second type is employed that comprises an outer cylindrical surface I31 having a radius approximately of the critical bending radius Ric, of the bending arbor 44 of the first type that was employed in the first test utilizing the machine 28. Also, the total weight, comprising the individual weights 4|, employed on the pin 48 is increased by approximately over the weight, We, that was employed in performing the first test utilizing themachine 20. Hence, the bending arbor .44 of the first type and the associated clamping element 43 are removed from the collar 38; and the clamping plate I38 is substituted therefor. More particularly, the clamping plate I is'secured to the collar 38 utilizing the screws I3I; and the selected bending arbor I ,of the second type is placed upon the base I 32. The inner end of the test specimen I is clamped between the upper surface of the body portion I36 and the associated clampingplate 138; and .the clamping screw. I34 is tightened securely clamping the inner end of the test specimen I45 in place. A1so,.the additionaliindividual weights 4| are placed upon the pin..4ll in order to produce a new-load approximately-20% greater than the weight, Wt, employed in the first test utilizing the machine 20 as previously explained. Further,.the position of the roller 34 with respect to thecenter lineof the bending arbor 1350f the secondtype, and consequently the center line of the shaft 33, is again adjusted to the new value utilizingthe table set forth above; and the clamping screw Bil-is tightened in ordersecurely to retain the clamping bracket 19 in place onv thebendingarm H.

Utilizing the bending arbor. I35 of the second type having the cylindrical outer surface I3'Lof approximately of the critical bending radius, Ric, of the bendingarbor 44 of the first type positively insures that the second test performed by themachine 29- strains the test specimen-well beyond the flexure .yield point. Also, utilizing: a loadfin'performing the second. test that is approximately 20% greater than the weight, Wt, employed in the first test, positively insures that the index pointer 58 carried by the collar 331N111 produce as a maximum. an approximatemidscale reading. with respect to the associated indicia plate 59; which operation of the machine 20-pin.- duces most accurate results.

The machine 20 is then operated in themanner previously explained;'. whereby the roller 84 deforms or bends the test specimen v145 to conform to a considerable are. of the cylindrical outer surface I3! of the bending arbor l35of the second type; whereby the index pointer, 58. produces as a maximum an approximate midscale reading with respect to theassociated indicia plate 59; which maximum reading isnoted. At this time the test is stoppedby releasing the lever H4. Also, the snap switch I isreturned to its open position, and the handcrank 99 i operated to return the pin 49 againto the-vertical center line of the machine 20.' At this time the clamping screw I34 maybe loosened. andthe test specimen I45 removed.

Before proceeding with the. explanation ofthe mannerin which the calculations are produced from the data obtained from the first and secondtests utilizing the machine 28 in the manner explained above, the following glossary ofstressstrain terminology is set forth:

a-thickness in inches of region surrounding neutral axis of test specimen which has not been stressed beyond the yield point.

b-width of test specimen in inches.

d-thickness or gauge of test specimen:

e-unit strain in flexure. Longitudinal ran-unit strain at outer fibers in fiexure to the test e =s,-/E unit strain to yield point in fiexure specimen km =M.,/M bending moment ratio s'unit stress in flexure longitudinal ail-unit stress at outer fibers in flexure to the 'test s un1t stress to the yield point in flexure J specimen D 1(l00d Emodulus of elasticity by tensile test Reconsideringthe first andsecond tests performed by the machine 201 with reference. to a. particular example utilizing low carbon steelcold rolled strip having a Rockwell. hardness number B=88.89 and a tensile modulus of'elas-- a that. the Weight, Wt=2.5.

14 ticity E=29..0 l0 test specimens are first-profduced 'inthe manner previously explained.

Inconnection with the first test performed. by

the machineZU, it is assumed that the thickness.

or gauge. of a first test specimen, d=0.0196 in.,

that thewidth of the first test specimen, b=0.625 in.; that it is estimated that the. yield. point strain, e =3.3 X 10 and that it is estimated that the yield point stress, Sy: 10 Utilizing the estimated value 3y=3.3 10- in conjunction with the gauge, d=0.0196, in the chart of, Fig. 10, it isestablished that the critical bending radius, Ric=0.750; and utilizing the estimated. value Sy=95- 10 in conjunction with the gauge, d=0.0196,' in thechart of- Fig. 9,'it is established Also, from the table set forth above, it will be apparent that utilizing a critical bending radius, Rm=0.750. that thedistance Z1- .956 and that the minimum length of the test specimen should be 2 in.

Accordingly, the load, W=Wt b=2.5 0.625= 1.5 lbs., approx, comprising the individual weights 4| is placed upon thepin 40; the bending arbor 44 of the first type having a critical bending radius Ric of 0.750 in. is assembled upon-the front end of the hub 37 of the machine 20; the clamping fixture i9 is adjusted with respect .to the bendingv arm "so that 11:0.956 obtained from the above table; and theinner end of the first test specimen 45 is clamped by the clamping fixture 41; all in the manner previously explained. Now assuming that when the machine 20 is operated to. perform thefirst test, thatthe maximum reading of the. index pointer 58 with re-, spect. to the associated indicia plate. 59. is 65.5, that .is hereinafter referred to as L, the reading. produced by the index pointer 58 with, respect .to the associated indicia scale 59 during thefirst test.v

Accordingly, at this time, all of the datanecessary tolcalculate 8y, the unit stress'to the yield point in fiexure, has beenobtained. More particularly, it has been determined that in the machine 2%, Mt=WZL/ 10Gb; wherein W weight of' the load in lbs. (1.5 in the present example); Z=distance of load W from the center line of the bending arbor 44 of the first type, the distance between the center line of the pin 40 and the center line of the bending arbor 44 of thelfirsttype (aconstant of the machine 20); L=the reading produced by the. index pointer 58 with respect to the indicia scale 59 (65.5 in the presentexample); and b=the width of the. test specimen in inches (0.625 in the present example) In the particular machine. 20, it follows that Mt,=0.04: WL/b; which, utilizing the above data, may, be solved: Mt (when 12:1) :628.

Also, it hasbeenv established in the machine-29 that".

which may be solved: e0=0.0l295.

Further, it has been established that in the machine 20,

which may be solved: s /1000=82.7.

In connection -with the=second test performed bythezma-ch-ine 2D,:itis assumed that thevthicks ness or gauge ofa secondtest specimen, 01:0;0-196 in, and .that thewid-th ofthe-second test speci men, b=0.625.in. Since the critical bending radius, Ric, employedi in theisecondltestis: equal in the second test, W:about 1J8 lbs.; and for convenience in the calculations, a value, W=2.0 lbs. is employed since this item is not critical in the second test aslong as W is sufficiently great. Accordingly, a load W=2 lbs., comprising the' individual weights 4| is placed upon the pin 40; the

bending arbor I35 of the second type having a critical bendingradius, Ric, of 0.125 in. is placed upon the base I32 carried by the clamping plate I30lthat,'in turn, is assembled upon the front end of-th'ehub 3'I of'the machine 20; the clamping fixture I9 is adjusted with respect to the bendingarm TI so that 11:0.164 obtained from the above table; and the inner end of the first test specimen I45 is clamped in place between the bodyportion I36 of the bending arbor I35 of the second type and the clamping plate I33 by the clamping screw I34; all in the manner previously explained. Now assuming that when the machine 20 is operated to perform the second test, that the maximum reading of the index pointer 58 with respect to the associated indicia plate 59 is 56.3, that is hereinafter referred to as L; the reading produced by the index pointer 58 with respect to the associated indicia scale 59 during the second test.

Accordingly, at this time, all of the data necessary to calculate, Eh, the, modulus of fiexure strain hardening has been obtained. More particularly, it has been determined that in the machine 20, M;=0.0l WL/b; wherein W=weight of load in lbs. (2.0 in the present example); L=the reading produced by the index pointer 58. with respect to the indicia scale 59 (56.3 in the present example); and b=the width of the test specimen in inches (0.625 in the present example). Solving: Mflwhen b:l)='7.22. p Also, it has been established that in the machine 2 0,.

Further, it'has been established that in the machine 20, 5=d/a; which may be solved: 6:243.

Also, it has been established that in the machine, Me=1.12 Mt; which may be solved: Me

(when b'=l) =8.08.

Further, it has been established that in the machine 20, My=Syd /6; which may be solved: My (when b=l) =4.99.

Further, it has been established that in the machine 20, km=Me/My; which may be solved: km=1.6l8.

Also, it has been established that in the machine 20, V

lt,,,l.5 6-1.5

which may be solved: Kn=0.0050.

Finally, it has been established that in the machine 20, Eh=EKn; which may be solved: let/1000:1450.

Having performed the first and second tests 16 s /l000=82.'7 and that Eh/l000=145.0. Accordingly, from this data, the stress-strain diagram of Fig. 8 may be drawn.

Referring now more particularly to Fig. 8 of the drawings, it will be observed that the abscissa thereof, is plotted on a linear scale in terms of eunit strain in fiexure in inch/inch; while the ordinate thereof is plotted on a linear scale in terms of sunit stress in lbs. per sq. in. l0 More particularly, the fiexure yield point on the stress-strain diagram of Fig. 8 is located Where e =s /E=82.7 l0 /29.0 10 =0.0028; and where Sy=82.7 10 which yield point is connected by a straight line to the 0 abscissa-.-0 ordinate of the diagram. The second point on the strain hardening portion of the diagram is.

, determined by applying along the abscissa the utilizing the machine 20 to obtain the datapre- V and then having carried strain value, 58y 24:.8 (0.002 8=0.069 and then projecting a vertical line therefrom. A second line is then drawn from the fiexure yield point at a slope corresponding to the value E'h/lOOO: ds/de=l45/l000 into intersecting relationship with the first line mentioned; whichintersection establishes the second point mentioned. Thus the second point mentioned is connected to the flexure yield point by the second line at the slope corresponding to the value of Eh/1000=/1000.

The stress-strain diagram illustrated in Fig. 8 thus produced represents the fiexure stress-strain values for the particular low carbon steel cold rolled strip that has been tested utilizing the machine 20. Actually, the diagram of Fig. 8 represents the average of the fiexure stress-strain values for both tension and compression; since both of the latter items are involved in the fiexure tests that have been performed utilizing the machine 20. v

The. fundamental principles of the present method permit a rational analysis and direct calculations of the values of Sy and En in the manner explained above; since the first test is performed by the machine 20 below the yield point in fiexure of the test specimen and the second test is performed by the machine 20'beyond the yield point in fiexure ofthe test specimen; each of which tests is performed by the machine 20 utilizing a bending arbor of known and predetermined radius. In other words the utilization of bending arbors of known and predetermined radii in the two tests performed by the machine 20 permit of the straightforward calculations and rationale of the operation of the machine 20. Moreover, the results obtained from the machine 20 are highly accurate and are capable of ready reproduct on in an easy and rapid mannerby persons not skilled in the technical aspects of strength of material measurements.

While there has beendescribed what is at present considered to be the preferred embodiments of the invention, it will be understood that various modifications may be made therein; and it is intended to cover in the appended claims all such modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.

What is claimed is: p

l. A fiexure testing machine comprising a support, first and second members carried by said support and mounted for independent and concentric rotation about the axis thereof, drive means for rotating said first member, a clamping plate, means for detachably securing. said clamping plate to said second member for rotation about its center concentric with the axis of said support,,a base carried by' said plate and provided with first and second supporting surfaces disposed at a predetermined angle and intersecting at the center of said plate, an arbor including a body portion and a Work engaging portion respectively provided with first and second supporting surfaces disposed at said predetermined angle and in intersecting relation, said work engaging portion being proyidedwith a semicylindrical outer surface centered at the intersection of said second-mentioned first and second supporting surfaces, whereby" said semicylindrical outer surface is concentric with the center of said plate when said arbor is supported by said base with said pairs of first andzsecond supporting surfaces in respective engagement, means carried by said plate and adapted to engage a test specimen carriedby said body portion for detachably clamping the test specimen and said arbor to. said base, an arm carried by said first member and extending radially from the axis of said support, a bracket carried by said arm and movable therealong toward and away from the axis of said support, means for securing said bracket in any adjusted position along said arm, a roller carried by said bracket and adapted to engage and to exert a flexural moment upon the test specimen when said first member is rotated, whereby the test specimen effects rotation of said second member, weighing means for opposing rotation of said second member in order to render measurable the flexural moment exerted upon the test specimen and to cause it to be deformed substantially to conform to said semicylindrical outer surface of said arbor, and means for indicating the relative rotation between said second member and said support as an index of said measurable fiexural moment exerted upon the test specimen.

2. A fiexure testing machine comprising a support, first and second members carried by said support and mounted for independent and concentric rotation about the axis thereof, drive means for rotating said first member, a clamping plate, means for detachably securing said clamping plate to said second member for rotation about its center concentric with the axis of said support, a base carried by said plate and provided with first and second supporting surfaces disposed at a predetermined angle and intersecting at the center of said plate, an arbor including a body portion and. a work engaging portion respectively provided with first and second supporting surfaces disposed at said predetermined angle and in intersecting relation, said work engaging portion being provided with a semicylindrical outer surface centered at the intersection of said second-mentioned first and second supporting surfaces, whereby said semicylindrical outer surface is concentric with the center of said plate when said arbor is supported by said base with said pairs of first and second supporting surfaces in respective engagement, means carried by said plate and adapted to engage a test specimen carried by said body portion for detachably clamping the test specimen and said arbor'to said base, an arm carried by said first member and extending radially from the axis of said support,

a bracket carried by said arm and movable there along toward and away from the axis of said support, means for securing said bracket in any adjusted position along said arm, a roller carried by said bracket and adapted to engage and to exert a flexural moment upon the test specimen when said first member is rotated, whereby the test specimen effects rotation of said second member, means including parts respectively carried by said arm and by said bracket for indicating the distance between the'axis of 'saidsuppor'tfand bor, andimeans' for indicatingthe relative Trot-ation between said second member and said sup port as an index of said measurablefiexural mo- 'ment exerted upon the test'specime'nj 3. A fi'exure'testing machine comprising a housing having a front wall; a substantially centrally disposed transversely extending tubular support arranged within said housing, first and second members respectively mounted for relative rota tion exteriorly and interiorly upon said tubular support and concentric with the axis thereof," the front ends of said first and secondimembers pro: jecting through a substantially centrallydispose'd opening formed-in said front wan, drive means arranged within said housing for rotating said first member, a clamping plate, means for detachably securing said clamping plateto the front end of said second member exteriorly of said housing for rotation about its center concentric with the transverse axis of said tubular support, a base carried by said plate and provided with first and second supporting surfaces disposed at a predetermined angle and intersecting at the center of said plate, an arbor including a body portion and a work engaging portion respectively provided with first and second supporting surfaces disposed at said predeterminedangle and in intersecting relation, said work engaging portion being provided with a semicylindrical outer sur face centered at the intersection of said secondmentioned first and second supporting surfaces, whereby said semicylindrical outer surface is concentric with the center of said plate when said arbor is supported by said base with said pairs of first and second supporting surfaces in respective engagement, means carried by said plate and adapted to engage a test specimen carried by said body portion for detachably clamping the test specimen and said arbor to said base, an arm carried by the front end of said first member exteriorly of said housing and extending radially from the transverse axis of said tubular support, a bracket carried by said arm and movable therealong toward and away from the transverse axis of said tubular support, means for securing said bracket in any adjusted position along said arm, a roller carried by said bracket and adapted to engage and to exert a fiexural moment upon the test specimen when said first member is rotated, whereby the test specimen effects rotation of said second member, means including parts respectively carried by said arm and by said bracket for indicating the distance between the transverse axis of said tubular support and the adjacent surface of said roller, weighing means disposed exteriorly of said housing and cooperating with said second member for opposing rotation thereof inorder to render measurable the flexural moment exerted upon the test specimen and to cause it to be deformed substantially to conform to said semicylindrical outer surface of said arbor, and means including parts disposed exteriorly of said housing and respectively carried by said second member and by said front wall for indicating the relative rotation of said second member with respect to said tubular support as an index of said measurable fiexural moment exerted upon the test specimen.

determined angle and intersecting at the center 5 of said plate, an arbor including a body portion and a Work-engaging portion respectively pro.- vided with first and second supporting surfaces disposed at said predetermined angle and in intersecting relation, said work-engaging portion being provided with a semi-cylindrical outer surfacecentered at the intersection-of said secondmentioned first and second supporting surfaces, whereby said semi-cylindrical outer surface is concentric with the center of said plate when said arbor is supported by said base with said pairs of first and second supporting surfacesin respective engagement, and means carried by said plate and adapted to engage a test specimen carried by said body portion for detachably clamp- 9 ing the test specimen and said arbor to said base.

GODFREY STANIUS.

20 REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,573,865 Robbins Feb. 23, 1926 1,703,928 Gastrich Mar. 5, 1929 51,786,138 Sunderland Dec. 23, 1930 2,030,418 Warner Feb. 11, 1936 2,049,235 Tour et a1. July 28, 1936 2,060,834 Stitz Nov. 1'7, 1936 2,063,275 Taber Dec. 8, 1936 2,093,497 Walker Sept. 21, 1937 2,426,583 Bailey Sept. 2, 1947 FOREIGN PATENTS Number Country Date 185,253 GreatrBritain Sept. 7, 1922 

